The Nameless Blog

Yooooooooooo ..... Finally I have got selected by nVidia Bangalore in Campus placement.

Some nice sites on solving puzzles:-

• Brain Vista

Some interesting Puzzles

[to be populated with time ..]

Here are some Interview Questions on Networking taken from http://www.unixjunkie.net/interview.html

1. Q: What is TCP? What's the difference between TCP and UDP?
2. Q: Explain how a TCP connection gets setup and torn down
3. Q: What is HTTP?
4. Q: What is an HTTP Cookie?
5. Q: How many IP addresses are in a /17 (CIDR notation)? What is the subnet mask for a /17 network? What is the broadcast? How many addresses are usable?
6. Q: How do hostnames get translated into IP addresses? How do IP addresses get translated into MAC addresses?
7. Q: How does a traceroute program work?
8. Q: What does "ping" do?
9. Q: What is a hub? What is a switch?
10. Q: Explain the OSI 7 layer model.

Here are some C++ Questions Taken from http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~kns10/interview/

What is an object in C++?

What is a message?

What is a class?

What is an instance?

What is a super-class?

What is inheritance?

To what does message protocol refer?

What is polymorphism?

What are instance variables?

What are class variables?

What is a method?

In C++ what is a constructor? A destructor?

Compare and contrast C and C++.

What is operator overloading?

What is cin and cout?

Contrast procedural and object oriented programming.

How do you link a C++ program to C functions?

Explain the scope resolution operator.

What are the differences between a C++ struct and C++ class?

How many ways are there to initialize an int with a constant?

How does throwing and catching exceptions differ from using setjmp and
longjmp?

What is your reaction to this line of code?

delete this;

What is a default constructor?

What is a conversion constructor?

What is the difference between a copy constructor and an overloaded
assignment operator?

When should you use multiple inheritance?

What is a virtual destructor?

Explain the ISA and HASA class relationships. How would you implement each in
a class design?

When is a template a better solution than a base class?

What is the result of compiling this program in a C compiler? in a C++ compiler?

int __ = 0;
main() {
int ___ = 2;
printf("%d\n", ___ + __);
}

What is the difference between C and C++ ? Would you prefer to use one over the
other ?

What are the access privileges in C++ ? What is the default access level ?

What is data encapsulation ?

What is inheritance ?

What is multiple inheritance ? What are it's advantages and disadvantages ?

What is polymorphism?

What do the keyword static and const signify ?

How is memory allocated/deallocated in C ? How about C++ ?

What is UML ?

What is the difference between a shallow copy and a deep copy ?

What are the differences between new and malloc?

What is the difference between delete and delete[]?

What are the differences between a struct in C and in C++?

What are the advantages/disadvantages of using #define?

What are the advantages/disadvantages of using inline and const?

What is the difference between a pointer and a reference?

When would you use a pointer? A reference?

What does it mean to take the address of a reference?

What does it mean to declare a function or variable as static?

What is the order of initalization for data?

What is name mangling/name decoration?

What kind of problems does name mangling cause?

How do you work around them?

What is a class?

What are the differences between a struct and a class in C++?

What is the difference between public, private, and protected access?

For class CFoo { }; what default methods will the compiler generate for you>?

How can you force the compiler to not generate them?

What is the purpose of a constructor? Destructor?

What is a constructor initializer list?

When must you use a constructor initializer list?

What is a:
Constructor?
Destructor?
Default constructor?
Copy constructor?
Conversion constructor?

What does it mean to declare a...
member function as virtual?
member function as static?
member varible as static?
destructor as static?

Can you explain the term "resource acqusition is initialization?"

What is a "pure virtual" member function?

What is the difference between public, private, and protected inheritance?

What is virtual inheritance?

What is placement new?

What is the difference between operator new and the new operator?

What is exception handling?

Explain what happens when an exception is thrown in C++.

What happens if an exception is not caught?

What happens if an exception is throws from an object's constructor?

What happens if an exception is throws from an object's destructor?

What are the costs and benefits of using exceptions?

When would you choose to return an error code rather than throw an exception?

What is a template?

What is partial specialization or template specialization?

How can you force instantiation of a template?

What is an iterator?

What is an algorithm (in terms of the STL/C++ standard library)?

What is std::auto_ptr?

What is wrong with this statement? std::auto_ptr ptr(new char[10]);

It is possible to build a C++ compiler on top of a C compiler. How would you do
this?

What output does the following code generate? Why?
What output does it generate if you make A::Foo() a pure virtual function?

What output does this program generate as shown? Why?

C++ ( what is virtual function ?
what happens if an error occurs in constructor or destructor.
Discussion on error handling, templates, unique features of C++.
What is different in C++, ( compare with unix).

I was given a c++ code and was asked to find out the bug in that. The
bug was that he declared an object locally in a function and tried to
return the pointer to that object. Since the object is local to the
function, it no more exists after returning from the function. The
pointer, therefore, is invalid outside.

1. Explain what is DMA?
2. what is pipelining?
3. what ar e super scalar machines and vliw machines?
4. what is cache?
5. what is cache coher ency and how is it eliminat ed?
6. what is wr it e back and wr it e t hr ough caches?
7. what ar e dif f er ent pipelining hazar ds and how ar e t hey eliminat ed.
8. what ar e dif f er ent st ages of a pipe?
9. eplain mor e about br anch pr edict ion in cont r olling t he cont r ol hazar ds
10. Give examples of dat a hazar ds wit h pseudo codes.
11. Caluculat ing t he number of set s given it s way and size in a cache?
12. How is a block f ound in a cache?
13. scor eboar d analysis.
14. What is miss penalt y and give your own ideas t o eliminat e it .
15. How do you impr ove t he cache per f ormance.
16. Dif f er ent addr essing modes.
17. Comput er ar it hmet ic wit h t wo’ s complement s.
18. About har dwar e and sof t war e int er r upt s.
19. What is bus cont ent ion and how do you eliminat e it .
20. What is aliasing?
21. What is t he dif f er ence bet ween a lat ch and a f lip f lop?
22. What is t he r ace ar ound condit ion? How can it be over come?
23. What is t he pur pose of cache? How is it used?
24. What ar e t he t ypes of memor y management ?

1) How would you decide weather to use C, C++ or Perl for a particular project?
2) What are pointers? Why do we use them?
3) What are the benefits of having Global & Local Variables?
4) What is ’malloc’? Why do we need to use it?
5) Write a C program to compare two arrays and write the common elements in another
array
6) Write a function in C to accept two integers and return the bigger integer
7) What are the advantages of C over Perl and vice versa?
8) What does ’@’ and ’&’ mean in Perl?
9) What is a ’Package’ in Perl?
10) What are Perl Regular Expressions?
11) Perl Regular Expressions are greedy. What does that mean?
12) What are Associative arrays in Perl?
13) Suppose a Perl variable has your name stored in it. Now, how can you define an array
by the name? (i.e., you have $a="Adarsh"; now you want @Adarsh=[.....])
14) Write a Perl script to parse a particular txt file and output to another file in a desired
format. (You can expect the file to have some data arranged rows & columns)
15) Suppose you have the outputs of a test program in some big test file. In Perl, how can
you test if all the outputs match a particular string?
16) What are Data Abstraction and Data Encapsulation?
17) Explain Friend Functions and Polymorphism with examples
18) Commands for changing directory, making directory, going up one directory,
knowing the file permissions and changing file permissions.
19) How do you search for a particular string in all the text files in current directory from
command line?
20) How do you sort a file alphabetically from command line?

http://greatbong.blogspot.com/2005/11/your-job-interview-is-beauty-contest.html

The bitter truth about JOB Interview

1.What is pipelining?

2.What are the five stages in a DLX pipeline?

3.For a pipeline with ‘n’ stages, what’s the ideal throughput? What prevents us from achieving this ideal throughput?

4.What are the different hazards? How do you avoid them?

5.Instead of just 5-8 pipe stages why not have, say, a pipeline with 50 pipe stages?

6.What are Branch Prediction and Branch Target Buffers?

7.How do you handle precise exceptions or interrupts?

8.What is a cache?

9.What’s the difference between Write-Through and Write-Back Caches? Explain advantages and disadvantages of each.

10.Cache Size is 64KB, Block size is 32B and the cache is Two-Way Set Associative. For a 32-bit physical address, give the division between Block Offset, Index and Tag.

11.What is Virtual Memory?

12.What is Cache Coherency?

13.What is MESI?

14.What is a Snooping cache?

15.What are the components in a Microprocessor?

16.What is ACBF(Hex) divided by 16?

17.Convert 65(Hex) to Binary

18.Convert a number to its two’s compliment and back

19.The CPU is busy but you want to stop and do some other task. How do you do it?

20.What is the difference between a MicroProcessor and a MicroController?

1. What is the output of printf("%d")

2. What will happen if I say delete this

3. Difference between "C structure" and "C++ structure".

4. Diffrence between a "assignment operator" and a "copy constructor"

5. What is the difference between "overloading" and "overridding"?

6. Explain the need for "Virtual Destructor".

7. Can we have "Virtual Constructors"?

8. What are the different types of polymorphism?

9. What are Virtual Functions? How to implement virtual functions in "C"

10. What are the different types of Storage classes?

11. What is Namespace?

12. What are the types of STL containers?.

13. Difference between "vector" and "array"?

14. How to write a program such that it will delete itself after exectution?

15. Can we generate a C++ source code from the binary file?

16. What are inline functions?

17. Talk sometiming about profiling?

18. How many lines of code you have written for a single program?

19. What is "strstream" ?

20. How to write Multithreaded applications using C++?

21. Explain "passing by value", "passing by pointer" and "passing by reference"

22. Write any small program that will compile in "C" but not in "C++"

23. Have you heard of "mutable" keyword?

24. What is a "RTTI"?

25. Is there something that I can do in C and not in C++?

26. Why preincrement operator is faster than postincrement?

27. What is the difference between "calloc" and "malloc"?

28. What will happen if I allocate memory using "new" and free it using "free" or allocate sing "calloc" and free it using "delete"?

29. What is Memory Alignment?

30. Explain working of printf.

31. Difference between "printf" and "sprintf".

32. What is "map" in STL?

33. When shall I use Multiple Inheritance?

34. What are the techniques you use for debugging?

35. How to reduce a final size of executable?

36. Give 2 examples of a code optimization.

Some companies certainly ask for these puzzles. Specially Microsoft.

1. Write a "Hello World" program in 'C' without using a semicolon.

2. Write a C++ program without using any loop (if, for, while etc) to print numbers from 1 to 100 and 100 to 1;

3. C/C++ : Exchange two numbers without using a temporary variable.

4. C/C++ : Find if the given number is a power of 2.

5. C/C++ : Multiply x by 7 without using multiplication (*) operator.

6. C/C++ : Write a function in different ways that will return f(7) = 4 and f(4) = 7

7. Remove duplicates in array

8. Finding if there is any loop inside linked list.

9. Remove duplicates in an no key access database without using an array

10. Convert (integer) number in binary without loops.

11. Write a program whose printed output is an exact copy of the source. Needless to say, merely echoing the actual source file is not allowed.

12. From a 'pool' of numbers (four '1's, four '2's .... four '6's), each player selects a number and adds it to the total. Once a number is used, it must be removed from the pool. The winner is the person whose number makes the total equal 31 exactly.

13. Given an array (group) of numbers write all the possible sub groups of this group.

1. What does static variable mean?
2. What is a pointer?
3. What is a structure?
4. What are the differences between structures and arrays?
5. In header files whether functions are declared or defined?
6. What are the differences between malloc() and calloc()?
7. What are macros? what are its advantages and disadvantages?
8. Difference between pass by reference and pass by value?
9. What is static identifier?
10. Where are the auto variables stored?
11. Where does global, static, local, register variables, free memory and C Program instructions get stored?
12. Difference between arrays and linked list?
13. What are enumerations?
14. Describe about storage allocation and scope of global, extern, static, local and register variables?
15. What are register variables? What are the advantage of using register variables?
16. What is the use of typedef?
17. Can we specify variable field width in a scanf() format string? If possible how?
18. Out of fgets() and gets() which function is safe to use and why?
19. Difference between strdup and strcpy?
20. What is recursion?
21. Differentiate between a for loop and a while loop? What are it uses?
22. What are the different storage classes in C?
23. Write down the equivalent pointer expression for referring the same element a[i][j][k][l]?
24. What is difference between Structure and Unions?
25. What the advantages of using Unions?
26. What are the advantages of using pointers in a program?
27. What is the difference between Strings and Arrays?
28. In a header file whether functions are declared or defined?
29. What is a far pointer? where we use it?
30. How will you declare an array of three function pointers where each function receives two ints and returns a float?
31. what is a NULL Pointer? Whether it is same as an uninitialized pointer?
32. What is a NULL Macro? What is the difference between a NULL Pointer and a NULL Macro?
33. What does the error 'Null Pointer Assignment' mean and what causes this error?
34. What is near, far and huge pointers? How many bytes are occupied by them?
35. How would you obtain segment and offset addresses from a far address of a memory location?
36. Are the expressions arr and &arr same for an array of integers?
37. Does mentioning the array name gives the base address in all the contexts?
38. Explain one method to process an entire string as one unit?
39. What is the similarity between a Structure, Union and enumeration?
40. Can a Structure contain a Pointer to itself?
41. How can we check whether the contents of two structure variables are same or not?
42. How are Structure passing and returning implemented by the complier?
43. How can we read/write Structures from/to data files?
44. What is the difference between an enumeration and a set of pre-processor # defines?
45. what do the 'c' and 'v' in argc and argv stand for?
46. Are the variables argc and argv are local to main?
47. What is the maximum combined length of command line arguments including the space between adjacent arguments?
48. If we want that any wildcard characters in the command line arguments should be appropriately expanded, are we required to make any special provision? If yes, which?
49. Does there exist any way to make the command line arguments available to other functions without passing them as arguments to the function?
50. What are bit fields? What is the use of bit fields in a Structure declaration?
51. To which numbering system can the binary number 1101100100111100 be easily converted to?
52. Which bit wise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is on or off?
53. Which bit wise operator is suitable for turning off a particular bit in a number?
54. Which bit wise operator is suitable for putting on a particular bit in a number?
55. Which bit wise operator is suitable for checking whether a particular bit is on or off?
56. which one is equivalent to multiplying by 2:Left shifting a number by 1 or Left shifting an unsigned int or char by 1?
57. Write a program to compare two strings without using the strcmp() function.
58. Write a program to concatenate two strings.
59. Write a program to interchange 2 variables without using the third one.
60. Write programs for String Reversal & Palindrome check
61. Write a program to find the Factorial of a number
62. Write a program to generate the Fibinocci Series
63. Write a program which employs Recursion
64. Write a program which uses Command Line Arguments
65. Write a program which uses functions like strcmp(), strcpy()? etc
66. What are the advantages of using typedef in a program?
67. How would you dynamically allocate a one-dimensional and two-dimensional array of integers?
68. How can you increase the size of a dynamically allocated array?
69. How can you increase the size of a statically allocated array?
70. When reallocating memory if any other pointers point into the same piece of memory do you have to readjust these other pointers or do they get readjusted automatically?
71. Which function should be used to free the memory allocated by calloc()?
72. How much maximum can you allocate in a single call to malloc()?
73. Can you dynamically allocate arrays in expanded memory?
74. What is object file? How can you access object file?
75. Which header file should you include if you are to develop a function which can accept variable number of arguments?
76. Can you write a function similar to printf()?
77. How can a called function determine the number of arguments that have been passed to it?
78. Can there be at least some solution to determine the number of arguments passed to a variable argument list function?
79. How do you declare the following:
• An array of three pointers to chars
• An array of three char pointers
• A pointer to array of three chars
• A pointer to function which receives an int pointer and returns a float pointer
• A pointer to a function which receives nothing and returns nothing
80. What do the functions atoi(), itoa() and gcvt() do?
81. Does there exist any other function which can be used to convert an integer or a float to a string?
82. How would you use qsort() function to sort an array of structures?
83. How would you use qsort() function to sort the name stored in an array of pointers to string?
84. How would you use bsearch() function to search a name stored in array of pointers to string?
85. How would you use the functions sin(), pow(), sqrt()?
86. How would you use the functions memcpy(), memset(), memmove()?
87. How would you use the functions fseek(), freed(), fwrite() and ftell()?
88. How would you obtain the current time and difference between two times?
89. How would you use the functions randomize() and random()?
90. How would you implement a substr() function that extracts a sub string from a given string?
91. What is the difference between the functions rand(), random(), srand() and randomize()?
92. What is the difference between the functions memmove() and memcpy()?
93. How do you print a string on the printer?
94. Can you use the function fprintf() to display the output on the screen?

1. 1. Differentiate persistent & non-persistent objects?

   Persistent refers to an object's ability to transcend time or space. A persistent object stores/saves its state in a permanent storage system with out losing the information represented by the object.

   A non-persistent object is said to be transient or ephemeral. By default objects are considered as non-persistent.

2. How can a '::' operator be used as unary operator?

   Answer:

   The scope operator can be used to refer to members of the global namespace. Because the global namespace doesn’t have a name, the notation :: member-name refers to a member of the global namespace. This can be useful for referring to members of global namespace whose names have been hidden by names declared in nested local scope. Unless we specify to the compiler in which namespace to search for a declaration, the compiler simple searches the current scope, and any scopes in which the current scope is nested, to find the declaration for the name.

3. Describe the main characteristics of static functions.

   Answer:

   The main characteristics of static functions include,

   • It is without the a this pointer,
   • It can't directly access the non-static members of its class
   • It can't be declared const, volatile or virtual.
   • It doesn't need to be invoked through an object of its class, although for convenience, it may.

4. What is name mangling?

   Answer:

   Name mangling is the process through which your c++ compilers give each function in your program a unique name. In C++, all programs have at-least a few functions with the same name. Name mangling is a concession to the fact that linker always insists on all function names being unique.

   Example:

   In general, member names are made unique by concatenating the name of the member with that of the class e.g. given the declaration:

   class Bar

   {

   public:

   int ival;

   ...

   };

   ival becomes something like:

   // a possible member name mangling

   ival__3Bar

   Consider this derivation:

   class Foo : public Bar

   {

   public:

   int ival;

   ...

   }

   The internal representation of a Foo object is the concatenation of its base and derived class members.

   // Pseudo C++ code

   // Internal representation of Foo

   class Foo

   {

   public:

   int ival__3Bar;

   int ival__3Foo;

   ...

   };

   Unambiguous access of either ival members is achieved through name mangling. Member functions, because they can be overloaded, require an extensive mangling to provide each with a unique name. Here the compiler generates the same name for the two overloaded instances(Their argument lists make their instances unique).

5. What is slicing?

   Answer:

   Slicing means that the data added by a subclass are discarded when an object of the subclass is passed or returned by value or from a function expecting a base class object.

   Explanation:

   Consider the following class declaration:

   class base

   {

   ...

   base& operator =(const base&);

   base (const base&);

   }

   void fun( )

   {

   base e=m;

   e=m;

   }

   As base copy functions don't know anything about the derived only the base part of the derived is copied. This is commonly referred to as slicing. One reason to pass objects of classes in a hierarchy is to avoid slicing. Other reasons are to preserve polymorphic behavior and to gain efficiency.

6. What is a smart pointer?

   Answer:

   A smart pointer is an object that acts, looks and feels like a normal pointer but offers more functionality. In C++, smart pointers are implemented as template classes that encapsulate a pointer and override standard pointer operators. They have a number of advantages over regular pointers. They are guaranteed to be initialized as either null pointers or pointers to a heap object. Indirection through a null pointer is checked. No delete is ever necessary. Objects are automatically freed when the last pointer to them has gone away. One significant problem with these smart pointers is that unlike regular pointers, they don't respect inheritance. Smart pointers are unattractive for polymorphic code. Given below is an example for the implementation of smart pointers.

   Example:

   template

   class smart_pointer

   {

   public:

   smart_pointer(); // makes a null pointer

   smart_pointer(const X& x) // makes pointer to copy of x

   X& operator *( );

   const X& operator*( ) const;

   X* operator->() const;

   smart_pointer(const smart_pointer &);

   const smart_pointer & operator =(const smart_pointer&);

   ~smart_pointer();

   private:

   //...

   };

   This class implement a smart pointer to an object of type X. The object itself is located on the heap. Here is how to use it:

   smart_pointer p= employee("Harris",1333);

   Like other overloaded operators, p will behave like a regular pointer,

   cout<<*p;

   p->raise_salary(0.5);

7. Name the operators that cannot be overloaded.

   Answer:

   sizeof . .* .-> :: ?:

8. Name some pure object oriented languages.

   Ans:- Smalltalk, Java, Eiffel

9. What is an adaptor class or Wrapper class?

   Answer:

   A class that has no functionality of its own. Its member functions hide the use of a third party software component or an object with the non-compatible interface or a non- object- oriented implementation.

10. What is a dangling pointer?

    Answer:

    A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after its lifetime is over.

    This may occur in situations like returning addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using the address of the memory block after it is freed.

11. What is an Iterator class?

    Answer:

    A class that is used to traverse through the objects maintained by a container class. There are five categories of iterators:

    • input iterators,
    • output iterators,
    • forward iterators,
    • bidirectional iterators,
    • random access.

    An iterator is an entity that gives access to the contents of a container object without violating encapsulation constraints. Access to the contents is granted on a one-at-a-time basis in order. The order can be storage order (as in lists and queues) or some arbitrary order (as in array indices) or according to some ordering relation (as in an ordered binary tree). The iterator is a construct, which provides an interface that, when called, yields either the next element in the container, or some value denoting the fact that there are no more elements to examine. Iterators hide the details of access to and update of the elements of a container class.

    The simplest and safest iterators are those that permit read-only access to the contents of a container class. The following code fragment shows how an iterator might appear in code:

    cont_iter:=new cont_iterator();

    x:=cont_iter.next();

    while x/=none do

    ...

    s(x);

    ...

    x:=cont_iter.next();

    end;

    In this example, cont_iter is the name of the iterator. It is created on the first line by instantiation of cont_iterator class, an iterator class defined to iterate over some container class, cont. Succesive elements from the container are carried to x. The loop terminates when x is bound to some empty value. (Here, none)In the middle of the loop, there is s(x) an operation on x, the current element from the container. The next element of the container is obtained at the bottom of the loop.

12. What is the use of ‘using’ declaration.

    Answer:

    A using declaration makes it possible to use a name from a namespace without the scope operator.

13. Define namespace.

    Answer:

    It is a feature in c++ to minimize name collisions in the global name space. This namespace keyword assigns a distinct name to a library that allows other libraries to use the same identifier names without creating any name collisions. Furthermore, the compiler uses the namespace signature for differentiating the definitions.

14. 
    

VLSI Design:

1) Explain why & how a MOSFET works

2) Draw Vds-Ids curve for a MOSFET. Now, show how this curve changes (a) with increasing Vgs (b) with increasing transistor width (c) considering Channel Length Modulation

3) Explain the various MOSFET Capacitances & their significance

4) Draw a CMOS Inverter. Explain its transfer characteristics

5) Explain sizing of the inverter

6) How do you size NMOS and PMOS transistors to increase the threshold voltage?

7) What is Noise Margin? Explain the procedure to determine Noise Margin

8) Give the expression for CMOS switching power dissipation

9) What is Body Effect?

10) Describe the various effects of scaling

11) Give the expression for calculating Delay in CMOS circuit

12) What happens to delay if you increase load capacitance?

13) What happens to delay if we include a resistance at the output of a CMOS circuit?

14) What are the limitations in increasing the power supply to reduce delay?

15) How does Resistance of the metal lines vary with increasing thickness and increasing length?

16) You have three adjacent parallel metal lines. Two out of phase signals pass through the outer two metal lines. Draw the waveforms in the center metal line due to interference. Now, draw the signals if the signals in outer metal lines are in phase with each other

17) What happens if we increase the number of contacts or via from one metal layer to the next?

18) Draw a transistor level two input NAND gate. Explain its sizing (a) considering Vth (b) for equal rise and fall times

19) Let A & B be two inputs of the NAND gate. Say signal A arrives at the NAND gate later than signal B. To optimize delay, of the two series NMOS inputs A & B, which one would you place near the output?

20) Draw the stick diagram of a NOR gate. Optimize it

21) For CMOS logic, give the various techniques you know to minimize power consumption

22) What is Charge Sharing? Explain the Charge Sharing problem while sampling data from a Bus

23) Why do we gradually increase the size of inverters in buffer design? Why not give the output of a circuit to one large inverter?

24) In the design of a large inverter, why do we prefer to connect small transistors in parallel (thus increasing effective width) rather than lay out one transistor with large width?

25) Given a layout, draw its transistor level circuit. (I was given a 3 input AND gate and a 2 input Multiplexer. You can expect any simple 2 or 3 input gates)

26) Give the logic expression for an AOI gate. Draw its transistor level equivalent. Draw its stick diagram

27) Why don't we use just one NMOS or PMOS transistor as a transmission gate?

28) For a NMOS transistor acting as a pass transistor, say the gate is connected to VDD, give the output for a square pulse input going from 0 to VDD

29) Draw a 6-T SRAM Cell and explain the Read and Write operations

30) Draw the Differential Sense Amplifier and explain its working. Any idea how to size this circuit? (Consider Channel Length Modulation)

31) What happens if we use an Inverter instead of the Differential Sense Amplifier?

32) Draw the SRAM Write Circuitry

33) Approximately, what were the sizes of your transistors in the SRAM cell? How did you arrive at those sizes?

34) How does the size of PMOS Pull Up transistors (for bit & bit- lines) affect SRAM's performance?

35) What's the critical path in a SRAM?

36) Draw the timing diagram for a SRAM Read. What happens if we delay the enabling of Clock signal?

37) Give a big picture of the entire SRAM Layout showing your placements of SRAM Cells, Row Decoders, Column Decoders, Read Circuit, Write Circuit and Buffers

38) In a SRAM layout, which metal layers would you prefer for Word Lines and Bit Lines? Why?

39) How can you model a SRAM at RTL Level?

40) What’s the difference between Testing & Verification?

41) For an AND-OR implementation of a two input Mux, how do you test for Stuck-At-0 and Stuck-At-1 faults at the internal nodes? (You can expect a circuit with some redundant logic)

42) What is Latch Up? Explain Latch Up with cross section of a CMOS Inverter. How do you avoid Latch Up?

Infineon:

43) How do you tackle coupling when design deep submicron SRAM memories?

44) Power Optimization Techniques for deep sub micron?

Digital Design:

1) Give two ways of converting a two input NAND gate to an inverter

2) Given a circuit, draw its exact timing response. (I was given a Pseudo Random Signal Generator; you can expect any sequential ckt)

3) What are set up time & hold time constraints? What do they signify? Which one is critical for estimating maximum clock frequency of a circuit?

4) Give a circuit to divide frequency of clock cycle by two

5) Design a divide-by-3 sequential circuit with 50% duty circle. (Hint: Double the Clock)

6) Suppose you have a combinational circuit between two registers driven by a clock. What will you do if the delay of the combinational circuit is greater than your clock signal? (You can't resize the combinational circuit transistors)

7) The answer to the above question is breaking the combinational circuit and pipelining it. What will be affected if you do this?

8) What are the different Adder circuits you studied?

9) Give the truth table for a Half Adder. Give a gate level implementation of the same.

10) Draw a Transmission Gate-based D-Latch.

11) Design a Transmission Gate based XOR. Now, how do you convert it to XNOR? (Without inverting the output)

12) How do you detect if two 8-bit signals are same?

13) How do you detect a sequence of "1101" arriving serially from a signal line?

14) Design any FSM in VHDL or Verilog.

Aptitude Questions

1.One of the following is my secret word:AIM DUE MOD OAT TIE.With the list in front of you, if I were to tell you any one of my secret word, then you would be able to tell me the number of vowels in my secret word.Which is my secret word?

Ans.TIE

2.In the following figure:A B C
D
E F G
H
I
Each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 is:
a)Represented by a different letter in the figure above.
b)Positioned in the figure above so that each of A + B + C,C + D +E,E + F + G, and G + H + I is equal to 13.
Which digit does E represent?

Ans.E is 4

3.One of Mr. Horton,his wife,their son,and Mr. Horton's mother is a doctor and another is a lawyer.
a)If the doctor is younger than the lawyer, then the doctor and the lawyer are not blood relatives.
b)If the doctor is a woman, then the doctor and the lawyer are blood relatives.
c)If the lawyer is a man, then the doctor is a man.
Whose occupation you know?

Ans.Mr. Horton:he is the doctor.

4.Here is a picture of two cubes:

a)The two cubes are exactly alike.
b)The hidden faces indicated by the dots have the same alphabet on them.
Which alphabet-q, r, w, or k is on the faces indicated by the dots?

Ans.q

5.In the following figure:
A D
B G E
C F

Each of the seven digits from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 is:
a)Represented by a different letter in the figure above.
b)Positioned in the figure above so that A*B*C,B*G*E, and D*E*F are equal.
Which digit does G represent?

Ans.G represents the digit 2.

6.Mr. and Mrs. Aye and Mr. and Mrs. Bee competed in a chess tournament.Of the three games played:
a)In only the first game werethe two players married to each other.
b)The men won two games and the women won one game.
c)The Ayes won more games than the Bees.
d)Anyone who lost game did not play the subsequent game.
Who did not lose a game?

Ans.Mrs.Bee did not lose a game.

7.Three piles of chips--pile I consists one chip, pile II consists of chips, and pile III consists of three chips--are to be used in game played by Anita and Brinda.The game requires:
a)That each player in turn take only one chip or all chips from just one pile.
b)That the player who has to take the last chip loses.
c)That Anita now have her turn.
From which pile should Anita draw in order to win?

Ans.Pile II

8.Of Abdul, Binoy, and Chandini:
a)Each member belongs to the Tee family whose members always tell the truth or to the El family whose members always lie.
b)Abdul says ''Either I belong or Binoy belongs to a different family from the other two."
Whose family do you name of?

Ans.Binoy's family--El.

9.In a class composed of x girls and y boys what part of the class is composed of girls

A.y/(x + y)
B.x/xy
C.x/(x + y)
D.y/xy

Ans.C


10.What is the maximum number of half-pint bottles of cream that can be filled with a 4-gallon can of cream(2 pt.=1 qt. and 4 qt.=1 gal)

A.16
B.24
C.30
D.64

Ans.D


11.If the operation,^ is defined by the equation x ^ y = 2x + y,what is the value of a in 2 ^ a = a ^ 3

A.0
B.1
C.-1
D.4

Ans.B


12.A coffee shop blends 2 kinds of coffee,putting in 2 parts of a 33p. a gm. grade to 1 part of a 24p. a gm.If the mixture is changed to 1 part of the 33p. a gm. to 2 parts of the less expensive grade,how much will the shop save in blending 100 gms.

A.Rs.90
B.Rs.1.00
C.Rs.3.00
D.Rs.8.00

Ans.C


13.There are 200 questions on a 3 hr examination.Among these questions are 50 mathematics problems.It is suggested that twice as much time be spent on each maths problem as for each other question.How many minutes should be spent on mathematics problems

A.36
B.72
C.60
D.100

Ans.B

14.In a group of 15,7 have studied Latin, 8 have studied Greek, and 3 have not studied either.How many of these studied both Latin and Greek

A.0
B.3
C.4
D.5

Ans.B


15.If 13 = 13w/(1-w) ,then (2w)² =

A.1/4
B.1/2
C.1
D.2

Ans.C


16. If a and b are positive integers and (a-b)/3.5 = 4/7, then

(A) b < a
(B) b > a
(C) b = a
(D) b >= a

Ans. A


17. In june a baseball team that played 60 games had won 30% of its game played. After a phenomenal winning streak this team raised its average to 50% .How many games must the team have won in a row to attain this average?

A. 12
B. 20
C. 24
D. 30

Ans. C


18. M men agree to purchase a gift for Rs. D. If three men drop out how much more will each have to contribute towards the purchase of the gift/

A. D/(M-3)
B. MD/3
C. M/(D-3)
D. 3D/(M²-3M)

Ans. D


19. A company contracts to paint 3 houses. Mr.Brown can paint a house in 6 days while Mr.Black would take 8 days and Mr.Blue 12 days. After 8 days Mr.Brown goes on vacation and Mr. Black begins to work for a period of 6 days. How many days will it take Mr.Blue to complete the contract?

A. 7
B. 8
C. 11
D. 12

Ans.C

20. 2 hours after a freight train leaves Delhi a passenger train leaves the same station travelling in the same direction at an average speed of 16 km/hr. After travelling 4 hrs the passenger train overtakes the freight train. The average speed of the freight train was?

A. 30
B. 40
C.58
D. 60

Ans. B

21. If 9x-3y=12 and 3x-5y=7 then 6x-2y = ?

A.-5
B. 4
C. 2
D. 8

Ans. D

22. There are 5 red shoes, 4 green shoes. If one draw randomly a shoe what is the probability of getting a red shoe

Ans 5c₁/ 9c₁


23. What is the selling price of a car? If the cost of the car is Rs.60 and a profit of 10% over selling price is earned

Ans: Rs 66/-

24. 1/3 of girls , 1/2 of boys go to canteen .What factor and total number of classmates go to canteen.

Ans: Cannot be determined.


25. The price of a product is reduced by 30% . By what percentage should it be increased to make it 100%

Ans: 42.857%


26. There is a square of side 6cm . A circle is inscribed inside the square. Find the ratio of the area of circle to square.

Ans. 11/14

27. There are two candles of equal lengths and of different thickness. The thicker one lasts of six hours. The thinner 2 hours less than the thicker one. Ramesh lights the two candles at the same time. When he went to bed he saw the thicker one is twice the length of the thinner one. How long ago did Ramesh light the two candles .

Ans: 3 hours.

28. If M/N = 6/5,then 3M+2N = ?

29. If p/q = 5/4 , then 2p+q= ?

30. If PQRST is a parallelogram what it the ratio of triangle PQS & parallelogram PQRST .

Ans: 1:2

31. The cost of an item is Rs 12.60. If the profit is 10% over selling price what is the selling price ?

Ans: Rs 13.86/-

32. There are 6 red shoes & 4 green shoes . If two of red shoes are drawn what is the probability of getting red shoes

Ans: 6c₂/10c₂

33. To 15 lts of water containing 20% alcohol, we add 5 lts of pure water. What is % alcohol.

Ans : 15%

34. A worker is paid Rs.20/- for a full days work. He works 1,1/3,2/3,1/8.3/4 days in a week. What is the total amount paid for that worker ?

Ans : 57.50

35. If the value of x lies between 0 & 1 which of the following is the largest?

(a) x
(b) x²
(c) -x
(d) 1/x

Ans : (d)

36. If the total distance of a journey is 120 km .If one goes by 60 kmph and comes back at 40kmph what is the average speed during the journey?

Ans: 48kmph

37. A school has 30% students from Maharashtra .Out of these 20% are Bombey students. Find the total percentage of Bombay?

Ans: 6%

38. An equilateral triangle of sides 3 inch each is given. How many equilateral triangles of side 1 inch can be formed from it?

Ans: 9

39. If A/B = 3/5,then 15A = ?

Ans : 9B

40. Each side of a rectangle is increased by 100% .By what percentage does the area increase?

Ans : 300%

41. Perimeter of the back wheel = 9 feet, front wheel = 7 feet on a certain distance, the front wheel gets 10 revolutions more than the back wheel .What is the distance?

Ans : 315 feet.

42. Perimeter of front wheel =30, back wheel = 20. If front wheel revolves 240 times. How many revolutions will the back wheel take?

Ans: 360 times

43. 20% of a 6 litre solution and 60% of 4 litre solution are mixed. What percentage of the mixture of solution

Ans: 36%

44City A's population is 68000, decreasing at a rate of 80 people per year. City B having population 42000 is increasing at a rate of 120 people per year. In how many years both the cities will have same population?

Ans: 130 years

45Two cars are 15 kms apart. One is turning at a speed of 50kmph and the other at 40kmph . How much time will it take for the two cars to meet?

Ans: 3/2 hours

46A person wants to buy 3 paise and 5 paise stamps costing exactly one rupee. If he buys which of the following number of stamps he won't able to buy 3 paise stamps.

Ans: 9

47There are 12 boys and 15 girls, How many different dancing groups can be formed with 2 boys and 3 girls.

48Which of the following fractions is less than 1/3

(a) 22/62
(b) 15/46
(c) 2/3
(d) 1

Ans: (b)

49There are two circles, one circle is inscribed and another circle is circumscribed over a square. What is the ratio of area of inner to outer circle?

Ans: 1 : 2

50Three types of tea the a,b,c costs Rs. 95/kg,100/kg and70/kg respectively.
How many kgs of each should be blended to produce 100 kg of mixture worth Rs.90/kg,
given that the quntities of band c are equal

a)70,15,15
b)50,25,25
c)60,20,20
d)40,30,30

Ans. (b)